Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord.
Causes and Risk Factors
MS is caused by damage to the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering that surrounds nerve cells. When this nerve covering is damaged, nerve impulses slow down or stop.
The nerve damage is caused by inflammation that occurs when the body’s own immune cells attack the nervous system. Repeated episodes of these episodes of inflammation can occur in any area of the brain, optic nerve, and spinal cord. Researchers are not sure what triggers this inflammation, but they speculate that it stems from a virus, genetic defect, or a combination of both. Geographic studies indicate an environmental factor may be involved. People with a family history of MS and those who live in a geographical area where MS is more common have a slightly higher risk of obtaining the disease.
Symptoms
MS symptoms may vary because the location and severity of each attack can be different. Episodes can last for days, weeks, or months and can alternate with periods of reduced or no symptoms (remissions). Fever, hot baths, sun exposure, and stress can trigger or worsen attacks.
It is common for the disease to return (relapse). However, the disease may continue to get worse without periods of remission. Patients with multiple sclerosis can have symptoms in many parts of the body since nerves in any part of the brain or spinal cord may be damaged.
Some muscle symptoms include:
- Loss of balance
- Muscle spasms
- Walking problems
- Weakness in one or more arms or legs
- Problems moving arms or legs
- Numbness or abnormal sensation in any area
Some brain and nerve symptoms include:
- Decreased attention span, poor judgment, and memory loss
- Difficulty reasoning and solving problems
- Depression
- Dizziness and problems with balance
- Hearing loss
Fatigue is also a common symptom of MS and is often worse in the late afternoon.
Treatment
There is no known cure for MS. However, there are therapies and medications that can help slow the disease. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms and to live a normal quality of life.
The following may be helpful for people who have MS:
- Physical therapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and support groups
- Assistive devices, such as wheelchairs, bed lifts, shower chairs, walkers, and wall bars
- A planned exercise program early in the course of the disorder
- Making household changes to ensure there is safety and ease in getting around the home
Facts about MS
- MS was first diagnosed in 1849.
- Multiple sclerosis affects women more than men.
- MS is most commonly diagnosed between ages 20 and 40, but it can be seen at any age.
- Some famous African-Americans with MS are Richard Pryor (deceased), Montel Williams, and Tamia.
- About 400,000 Americans have MS, and this disorder affects 2.5 million people worldwide.
To learn more about MS, please visit www.nationalmssociety.org
